جامعة بلاد الرافدين - Bilad Alrafidain University

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م.د صبا اسماعيل جواد مغير (4 بحث)

Shear strength and chemical properties of soft clayey soil treated with magnetized water
	2023	Magazine of Civil Engineering
Design criteria of any type of foundation are mainly depending on the shear strength of the soil founded on/in it. In this research, investigation of the effect of magnetized water (MW) on shear strength and chemical properties of soft clayey soil was investigated. The shear strength of soft soil before and after treatment by MW was measured by an unconfined compressive strength test (UCST) and vane shear test (VST). Tap water used to treat the soft soil was modified by different magnetic field intensities (2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Gauss). Two-time intervals were used to conduct the shear strength tests for all intensities: first, after 7 days of treatment of the soil by MW, and second after 14 days. The circulating of MW through soft clayey soil samples for 7 days shows increasing the unconfined shear strength by 17, 39, 42, and 45% for soil treated with MW of intensity 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 G, respectively compared to the reference soil sample treated under the same conditions with tap water (TW). Increasing the duration of treatment up to 14 days showed increasing in the UCS of soft soil by 35, 49, 92, and 120% for soil treated with MW of intensity 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 G, respectively. On the other hand, the shear strength (Suv) measured by the vane shear device increased with increasing the intensity of the magnetic field for the same duration of treatment. The magnetized water technique can be considered as a promising and sustainable technology to be employed in geotechnical engineering to improving the geotechnical properties of soil.
Production thematic maps of bearing capacity of shallow foundation for Al-Basrah soil using standard penetration data and GIS
	2023	Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering
The Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the modern database software which is used to collect, analyze, display, processing and produce geographic information maps for a specific objective. In addition, a statistical analysis can be generated within GIS on specific data to produce quantitative results. In this study, the GIS utilized to produce thematic maps showing the variation of bearing capacity of shallow foundation in Al-Basrah province soil. All the features mentioned above illustrate the importance of GIS exploring more valuable results such as the bearing capacity of shallow foundation from the results of standard penetration tests (SPT) conducted in Al-Basrah province soil. The total number of boreholes drilled was 135 distributed irregularly in the study area. In each borehole, three SPTs were performed at depths of 1.5, 6, and 9.5 m measured from the existing ground level (EGL). The results of the study can be summarized by the production of thematic maps showing the variation of the bearing capacity of the soil over the whole area of Al-Basrah city correlated with several depths. These maps can be used by different local authorities to predict soil bearing capacity and choose a suitable type of foundation. In addition, it can be utilized to assess the foundations of existing and irregularly constructed buildings and to assess the extent of the risks of failure and collapse.
Alteration of physicochemical properties of tap water passing through different intensities of magnetic field
	2023	Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials
This study reports the effect of the magnetization process on the chemical and electrical properties of tap water (TW). Also, a step in the direction of gaining a better understanding of the influence of magnetizing technique on the physicochemical properties of water exposed to several intensities of magnetic field (MF). The TW sample used in this study passed through four intensities of the MF (2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 G) under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Magnetized water was tested and evaluated for physical and chemical qualities after being cycled through a magnetization device for 6 h. Following the increase in the intensities of the MF, the alteration in water properties has been depicted. The results showed increase in the pH value, electrical conductivity, and some of the chemical properties. The optimum change in the properties of water were obtained when the intensity …

م.م محمد جلال عبدالله (16 بحث)

Computational and Experimental Insights into Blast Response and Failure Mechanisms of Square, Rectangular and Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns: A State-of-the-Art Review
	2025	Buildings
Blast damage to structural members poses serious risks to both buildings and people, making it important to understand how these elements behave under extreme loads. Columns in reinforced concrete (RC) structures are especially critical, as their sudden failure can trigger progressive collapse, unlike beams or slabs that have more redundancy. This state-of-the-art review brings together the current knowledge of the blast response of RC columns, focusing on their failure patterns, dynamic behavior, and key loading mechanisms. The studies covered include experiments, high-fidelity numerical simulations, emerging machine learning approaches, and analytical models for columns of different shapes (square, rectangular, circular) and strengthening methods, such as fiber reinforcement, steel-concrete composite confinement, and advanced retrofitting. Composite columns are also reviewed to compare their hybrid confinement and energy-absorption advantages over conventional RC members. Over forty specific studies on RC columns were analyzed, comparing the results based on geometry, reinforcement detailing, materials, and blast conditions. Both near-field and contact detonations were examined, along with factors like axial load, standoff distance, and confinement. This review shows that RC columns respond very differently to blasts depending on their shape and reinforcement. Square, rectangular, and circular sections fail in distinct ways. Use of ultra-high-performance concrete, steel fibers, steel-concrete composite, and fiber-reinforced polymer retrofits greatly improves peak and residual load capacity. Ultra-high-performance concrete can retain a significantly higher fraction of axial load (often >70%) after strong blasts, compared to ~40% in conventional high-strength RC under similar conditions. Larger sections, closer stirrups, higher transverse reinforcement, and good confinement reduce spalling, shear failure, and mid-height displacement. Fiber-reinforced polymer and steel-fiber wraps typically improve residual strength by 10–15%, while composite columns with steel cores remain stiff and absorb more energy post-blast. Advanced finite element simulations and machine learning models now predict displacements, damage, and residual capacity more accurately than older methods. However, gaps remain. Current design codes of practice simplify blast loads and often do not account for localized damage, near-field effects, complex boundary conditions, or pre-existing structural weaknesses. Further research is needed on cost-effective, durable, and practical retrofitting strategies using advanced materials. This review stands apart from conventional literature reviews by combining experimental results, numerical analysis, and data-driven insights. It offers a clear, quantitative, and comparative view of RC column behavior under blast loading, identifies key knowledge gaps, and points the way for future design improvements.
Structural Response of a Two-Side-Supported Square Slab Under Varying Blast Positions from Center to Free Edge and Beyond in a Touch-Off Explosion Scenario
	2025	Buildings
A touch-off explosion on concrete slabs is considered one of the simplest yet most destructive forms of adversarial loading on building elements. It causes far greater damage than explosions occurring at a distance. The impact is usually concentrated in a small area, leading to surface cratering, scabbing of concrete, and even tearing or rupture of the reinforcement. Studies available on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs under touch-off (contact) and standoff explosions commonly indicate that the maximum damage occurs when the blast is applied to the center of the slab. This observation raises an important question about how the position of an explosive charge, especially relative to the free edge of the slab, affects the overall damage pattern in slabs supported on only two sides with clamped supports. This study uses a modeling strategy combining Eulerian and Lagrangian domains using the finite element tools of Abaqus Explicit v2020 to examine the behavior of a square slab supported on two sides with clamped ends subjected to blast loads at different positions, ranging from the center to the free edge and beyond, under touch-off explosion conditions. The behavior of concrete was captured using the Concrete Damage Plasticity model, while the reinforcement was represented with the Johnson–Cook model. Effects of strain rate were included by applying calibrated dynamic increase factors. The developed numerical model is validated first with experimental data available in the published literature for the case where the explosive charge is positioned at the slab’s center, showing a very close agreement with the reported results. Along with the central blast position, five additional cases were considered for further investigation as they have not been investigated in the existing literature and were found to be worthy of study. The selected locations of the explosive charge included an intermediate zone (between the slab center and free edge), an in-slab region (partly embedded at the free edge), a partial edge (partially outside the slab), an external edge (fully outside the free edge), and an offset position (250 mm beyond the free edge along the central axis). Results indicated a noticeable transition in damage patterns as the detonation point shifted from the slab’s center toward and beyond the free edge. The failure mode changed from a balanced perforation under confined conditions to an asymmetric response near the free edge, dominated by weaker surface coupling but more pronounced tensile cracking and bottom-face perforation. The reinforcement experienced significantly varying tensile and compressive stresses depending on blast position, with the highest tensile demand occurring near free-edge detonations due to intensified local bending and uneven shock reflection.
State of the art review on ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete properties standardization and structural applications
	2025	Discover Sustainability
Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) represents one of the most advanced construction materials, characterized by extremely high strength, compact microstructure, and higher resistance to environmental degradation. With optimized particle packing and fiber reinforcement, UHPFRC commonly achieves compressive strengths of 150–200 MPa and tensile strengths of 10–35 MPa. Autoclave curing or heat treatment can further increase the compressive strength to above 250 MPa. The dense matrix, typically with porosity below 6% and water absorption under 1%, provides exceptional durability against chloride ingress, freeze–thaw cycles, and sulfate attack. Increasing the fiber volume fraction from 1 to 3% generally enhances post-cracking toughness and flexural strength by 40–80%. Conversely, an excessively low water-to-binder ratio (< 0.18) or improper curing can increase autogenous shrinkage by up to 30%. Despite these achievements, widespread application remains constrained by high initial cost, limited codified guidance, and inadequate field experience. This review critically analyzes the mechanical, durability, and constitutive behavior of UHPFRC, the influence of mix design and curing parameters, existing codes and standards, and representative case studies. It further identifies the gaps in current design frameworks and proposes directions for future research aimed at facilitating the large-scale use of UHPFRC in durable and resilient infrastructure.

أ.م.د غسان خلف خالد (1 بحث)

Inundation Map Development by Using HEC-RAS Hydraulic Simulation Modeling From Roseires to Khartoum Cities
	2014	Sudan
Inundation flooding

م.م تقى عماد مهدي (1 بحث)

Piles Group Behavior Under Eccentric One-Way Lateral Cyclic Load in Sandy Soil
	2024	AIP Publishing
"In fact, piles foundations are usually used to support offshore and inshore huge structures that often subjected to cyclic load from any load condition and sometimes produce a torque caused by eccentric transitions of load. Therefore, to find out how pile group would behave under eccentric one-way cyclic loading with static axial load, a model test of 2×2 was carried out in sandy soil. The pile group consisted of aluminum piles and were set up in a sandy soil with a three-pile spacing of (i.e., 3D, 5D and 7D). The cyclic load is applied with three eccentric distances, at center of piles group, at 0.25S, and 0.5S. It can be concluded that, when the distance of eccentricity increases the lateral displacement increase and reached to 54%. The results also show that the increase in piles group spacing can reduce the lateral displacement up to 26%. As well as, the twist angle increases and reach to about 17ᵒ with increasing the eccentricity and reduce pile cap spacing."

م.م فاطمه محمد حسن (1 بحث)

Effect of Machine Foundation Stresses on Gravity Retaining Wall Using FEM
	2023	روسيا
"Abstract. The dynamic reaction of the natural type of retaining wall is quite complex. Wall development and pressure rely upon the reaction of the soil underneath a retaining wall and the reaction of the backfill. The greater part of the present knowledge of the dynamic reaction of the wall has originated from the model test and numerical analysis. This paper aims to know the behavior of the retaining wall and the backfill. Also, under the effect of machine foundation, numerical modeling is used concerning a method of finite element. Two amplitudes of machine foundation subjected to three frequencies were used. The model used in the finite element was the linear elastic model (LE) for foundation and the Mohr-Coulomb model (MC) for soil. The results of this analysis for the amplitude of 25 kPa, the lateral displacement was 75% more than the active for the case of the amplitude of 40 kPa, the lateral displacement was 125% more than the active, and for the case of the velocity of 30 mm/sec very far higher than the maximum permissible velocity is 2.5 mm/sec and the acceleration was decreased by 52% between machine foundation and retaining wall. "

م.م نوره جار الله حسب موسى (2 بحث)

Dynamic Behavior of Sheet Pile in sand under the Influence of Vibration
	2023	Dayala Journal of Engineering Sciences
"This article includes an experimental investigation into the behavior of a vibratory forceexposed sheet pile set in sand. The study goal is to provide a parametric study. Regarding how vibrations affect the sheet pile's movement and rotation after layering the soil in a steel container with internal dimensions of 900 mm length, 400 mm wide and 400 mm high, a steel sheet pile with the dimensions of 350 mm length, 20 mm width and 0.5 mm thickness was inserted into the soil. The results showed that the speed, acceleration, and displacement increased with increasing the frequency of the vibration source when the source of vibration was situated at a distance of (D distance = H height of the sheet pile) and exposed to varied frequencies (5, 10, 15) Hz. As frequency is a type of energy, increased frequency will thus eventually cause more disturbance. The disturbance and its consequences on the soil will eventually increase as the frequency rises"
Behavior of Sheet Pile in sand under the Influence of Vibration
	2023	Dayala Journal of Engineering
" This article includes an experimental investigation into the behavior of a vibratory forceexposed sheet pile set in sand. The study goal is to provide a parametric study. Regarding how vibrations affect the sheet pile's movement and rotation after layering the soil in a steel container with internal dimensions of 900 mm length, 400 mm wide and 400 mm high, a steel sheet pile with the dimensions of 350 mm length, 20 mm width and 0.5 mm thickness was inserted into the soil. The results showed that the speed, acceleration, and displacement increased with increasing the frequency of the vibration source when the source of vibration was situated at a distance of (D distance = H height of the sheet pile) and exposed to varied frequencies (5, 10, 15) Hz. As frequency is a type of energy, increased frequency will thus eventually cause more disturbance. The disturbance and its consequences on the soil will eventually increase as the frequency rises."

م.م سجى علي عبد جاسم (1 بحث)

Predicting Biochemical Oxygen Demand at the Inlet of Al-Rustumiya Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Different Mathematical Techniques
	2024	مجله كليه الهندسه جامعه بغداد
Water quality planning relies on Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD. BOD testing takes five days. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is increasingly used for water resource forecasting. This work designed a PSO technique for estimating everyday BOD at Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment facility inlet. Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment plant provided 702 plant-scale data sets during 2012-2022. The PSO model uses the daily data of the water quality parameters, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl-), suspended solid (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH, to determine how each variable affects the daily incoming BOD. PSO and multiple linear regression (MLR) findings are compared, and their performance is evaluated using mean square error, relative absolute mistake, and coefficient of determination. PSO utilised COD, TDS, SS, pH, and Cl- as inputs, generating a mean square error of 1029.10, an average absolute relative error of 9.41%, and a coefficient of determination of 0.89. Comparisons demonstrated that the PSO model could accurately calculate the daily BOD at Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment plant's inlet.

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م.د محمد احمد جياد (3 بحث)

Exploring adversarial deep learning forfusion in multi-color channel skin detectionapplications
	2024	Information Fusion
Deep learning, a robust framework for complex learning, outperforms previous machine learning approaches and finds widespread use. However, security vulnerabilities, especially in fusion in multi-color channel skin detection applications using adversarial machine learning (AML) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), lead to misclassifications. Researchers are actively exploring AML's and GANs' impact on misclassification, focusing on vulnerabilities in lighting conditions, skin-like patches in lesion segmentation, and insufficient data in facial emotion recognition. Yet, these areas only scratch the surface of potential AML vulnerabilities and GANs. To comprehensively address challenges, an in-depth investigation into AML and GANs components is crucial to uncover underlying reasons for misclassifying skin detection. This study addresses challenges of fusion in multi-color channel skin detection by creating a diverse dataset with 17M patches for enhanced feature fusion/training and meeting dataset criteria, investigating misclassifications using various deep learning models belonging to AML and GANs and color spaces (e.g., RGB, YCbCr, HSV, YUV), and exploring binary and multiclass scenarios. Notably, YCbCr outperformed RGB, achieving 98 % for binary skin classification, 84 % and 69 % for multiclass four and five-class scenarios. Binary classification for skin tones and their skin-like counterparts (e.g., black skin tone and black skin-like) yielded 97 %, 81 %, 60 %, and 51 % for black, brown, medium, and fair, respectively. Exploration of darker skin tones showed improved accuracy. Benchmarking with a CNN and RNN hybrid achieved 99 % accuracy, surpassing the initial 91 %, while SAE reached 97 %. The study explores implications of overlapping between skin and skin-tone recognition, offering insights for developing a generalized skin detector. The investigation demonstrates that improper color space selection can make lighting conditions exploitable in AML attacks and GANs, emphasizing the crucial role of color space choice in mitigating vulnerabilities.
Exploring the Industrial Metaverse: Empowering Meta-Operators with Industry 5.0 Principles and XR Technologies
	2024	International Journal on Informatics Visualization
The term "Metaverse" has recently gained significant attention. It refers to a concept aiming to immerse users in real-time 3D virtual worlds using XR devices like AR/MR glasses and VR headsets. When this idea is applied to industrial settings, it's termed the "Industrial Metaverse," where operators leverage cutting-edge technologies. These technologies align closely with those associated with Industry 4.0, evolving towards Industry 5.0 and prioritizing sustainable and human-centric industrial applications. The Industrial Metaverse stands to benefit from Industry 5.0 principles, emphasizing dynamic content and swift human-to-machine interactions. To facilitate these advancements, this article introduces the concept of the "Meta-Operator," essentially an industrial worker guided by Industry 5.0 principles, engaging with Industrial Metaverse applications and surroundings through advanced XR devices. It also delves into the key technologies supporting this concept: Industrial Metaverse components, the latest XR technologies, and Opportunistic Edge Computing (OEC) for interacting with surrounding IoT/IIoT devices. Furthermore, the paper explores strategies for developing the next generation of Industrial Metaverse applications based on Industry 5.0 principles, such as standardization efforts, integrating AR/MR devices with IoT/IIoT solutions, and advancing communication and software architectures. Emphasis is placed on fostering shared experiences and collaborative protocols. Lastly, the article presents a comprehensive list of potential Industry 5.0 applications for the Industrial Metaverse and an analysis of the main challenges and research directions. It offers a holistic perspective and practical guidance for developers and researchers venturing into Industrial Metaverse applications.
Navigating the metaverse: unraveling the impact of artificial intelligence—a comprehensive review and gap analysis
	2024	Artificial Intelligence Review

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م.د عمر سالم عبد الله علي (0 بحث)

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